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{"id":1873,"date":"2021-09-03T17:32:50","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T15:32:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daliel.nl\/?p=1873"},"modified":"2022-03-29T23:37:13","modified_gmt":"2022-03-29T23:37:13","slug":"strengere-eisen-voor-werkgever-bij-hoofddoekverbod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.battoui.nl\/daliel\/2021\/09\/03\/strengere-eisen-voor-werkgever-bij-hoofddoekverbod\/","title":{"rendered":"Strengere eisen voor werkgever bij hoofddoekverbod"},"content":{"rendered":"

Afgelopen zomer kopten de krantenkoppen \u201cWerkgever mag dragen hoofddoek verbieden, zegt het Europees Hof opnieuw\u201d en \u201cEuropees Hof: Werkgevers mogen personeel verbieden religieuze uitingen te dragen\u201d. Dit heeft veel losgemaakt in de islamitische gemeenschap. De uitspraak lijkt echter genuanceerder nu het Hof in zijn uitspraak juist strengere eisen stelt aan het verbieden van religieuze uitingen en dus geen vrijbrief geeft.<\/em><\/p>\n

Waar ging de zaak over?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Op 15 juli 2021 heeft het Europese Hof van Justitie (niet te verwarren met het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens), een uitspraak gedaan over het verbod op levensbeschouwelijke tekens op de werkvloer, waaronder dus ook een hoofddoek valt.1 Het ging om twee zaken van Duitse vrouwen die werkzaam waren in de kinderopvang en als verkoopmedewerker. Hun werkgevers hadden als beleid dat medewerkers geen zichtbare tekens van hun politieke, levensbeschouwelijk of religieuze overtuiging mogen dragen. Beide vrouwen dragen een hoofddoek en kwamen vanwege dit geschil bij de Duitse arbeidsrechter. De rechters vroegen het Europees Hof om uitleg over de Europese gelijkebehandelingsrichtlijn.2 Als er twijfel is over hoe deze richtlijn moet worden uitgelegd, kunnen nationale rechters het Europees Hof namelijk om uitleg vragen. Dit worden prejudici\u00eble vragen genoemd. De Duitse rechters vroegen het Europees Hof of een dergelijke interne regel gezien moet worden als direct of als indirect onderscheid en of er rechtvaardigingen zijn voor deze mogelijk indirect onderscheid makende regel.<\/p>\n

Direct en indirect onderscheid<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alvorens in te gaan op de uitspraak van het Europees Hof is het goed om het verschil tussen direct en indirect onderscheid kort te behandelen en wanneer onderscheid leidt tot discriminatie. Juridisch is dit verschil namelijk belangrijk. Een voorbeeld van direct onderscheid kan zijn: \u2018jij mag geen hoofddoek dragen\u2019. Hierbij verwijs je namelijk direct naar een uiting van iemands godsdienst en is er sprake van discriminatie. Op het moment dat je aangeeft \u2018je mag geen hoofddeksel dragen\u2019 of \u2018je mag geen politieke of religieuze uiting geven\u2019, zal je eerder spreken van indirect onderscheid. Het gaat om een \u2018neutrale\u2019 regel die voor iedereen geldt en niet alleen voor een specifieke groep. Als er sprake is van direct onderscheid kun je daar nooit een goede reden voor aanvoeren. Direct onderscheid is verboden. Voor indirect onderscheid kun je wel een goede reden hebben. Er wordt dan gekeken naar het doel van de regel: of dit noodzakelijk en proportioneel is (had je niet een lichter middel kunnen kiezen?). Pas als je geen goede reden hebt voor het indirecte onderscheid spreek je van discriminatie. Als er dus wel een goede reden is voor het indirecte onderscheid, spreek je juridisch gezien niet van discriminatie.<\/p>\n

Oordeel Europees Hof<\/strong><\/p>\n

Het Europees Hof geeft in de uitspraak aan dat een dergelijke regel, zoals de werkgevers van de Duitse vrouwen hadden, geen direct onderscheid is, als:<\/p>\n